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from typing import List
from typing import Tuple
import jieba
from pypinyin import lazy_pinyin
from pypinyin import Style
[docs]class ToneSandhi():
def __repr__(self):
return "MandarinToneSandhi"
def __init__(self):
self.must_neural_tone_words = {
'麻烦', '麻利', '鸳鸯', '高粱', '骨头', '骆驼', '马虎', '首饰', '馒头', '馄饨', '风筝',
'难为', '队伍', '阔气', '闺女', '门道', '锄头', '铺盖', '铃铛', '铁匠', '钥匙', '里脊',
'里头', '部分', '那么', '道士', '造化', '迷糊', '连累', '这么', '这个', '运气', '过去',
'软和', '转悠', '踏实', '跳蚤', '跟头', '趔趄', '财主', '豆腐', '讲究', '记性', '记号',
'认识', '规矩', '见识', '裁缝', '补丁', '衣裳', '衣服', '衙门', '街坊', '行李', '行当',
'蛤蟆', '蘑菇', '薄荷', '葫芦', '葡萄', '萝卜', '荸荠', '苗条', '苗头', '苍蝇', '芝麻',
'舒服', '舒坦', '舌头', '自在', '膏药', '脾气', '脑袋', '脊梁', '能耐', '胳膊', '胭脂',
'胡萝', '胡琴', '胡同', '聪明', '耽误', '耽搁', '耷拉', '耳朵', '老爷', '老实', '老婆',
'戏弄', '将军', '翻腾', '罗嗦', '罐头', '编辑', '结实', '红火', '累赘', '糨糊', '糊涂',
'精神', '粮食', '簸箕', '篱笆', '算计', '算盘', '答应', '笤帚', '笑语', '笑话', '窟窿',
'窝囊', '窗户', '稳当', '稀罕', '称呼', '秧歌', '秀气', '秀才', '福气', '祖宗', '砚台',
'码头', '石榴', '石头', '石匠', '知识', '眼睛', '眯缝', '眨巴', '眉毛', '相声', '盘算',
'白净', '痢疾', '痛快', '疟疾', '疙瘩', '疏忽', '畜生', '生意', '甘蔗', '琵琶', '琢磨',
'琉璃', '玻璃', '玫瑰', '玄乎', '狐狸', '状元', '特务', '牲口', '牙碜', '牌楼', '爽快',
'爱人', '热闹', '烧饼', '烟筒', '烂糊', '点心', '炊帚', '灯笼', '火候', '漂亮', '滑溜',
'溜达', '温和', '清楚', '消息', '浪头', '活泼', '比方', '正经', '欺负', '模糊', '槟榔',
'棺材', '棒槌', '棉花', '核桃', '栅栏', '柴火', '架势', '枕头', '枇杷', '机灵', '本事',
'木头', '木匠', '朋友', '月饼', '月亮', '暖和', '明白', '时候', '新鲜', '故事', '收拾',
'收成', '提防', '挖苦', '挑剔', '指甲', '指头', '拾掇', '拳头', '拨弄', '招牌', '招呼',
'抬举', '护士', '折腾', '扫帚', '打量', '打算', '打扮', '打听', '打发', '扎实', '扁担',
'戒指', '懒得', '意识', '意思', '悟性', '怪物', '思量', '怎么', '念头', '念叨', '别人',
'快活', '忙活', '志气', '心思', '得罪', '张罗', '弟兄', '开通', '应酬', '庄稼', '干事',
'帮手', '帐篷', '希罕', '师父', '师傅', '巴结', '巴掌', '差事', '工夫', '岁数', '屁股',
'尾巴', '少爷', '小气', '小伙', '将就', '对头', '对付', '寡妇', '家伙', '客气', '实在',
'官司', '学问', '字号', '嫁妆', '媳妇', '媒人', '婆家', '娘家', '委屈', '姑娘', '姐夫',
'妯娌', '妥当', '妖精', '奴才', '女婿', '头发', '太阳', '大爷', '大方', '大意', '大夫',
'多少', '多么', '外甥', '壮实', '地道', '地方', '在乎', '困难', '嘴巴', '嘱咐', '嘟囔',
'嘀咕', '喜欢', '喇嘛', '喇叭', '商量', '唾沫', '哑巴', '哈欠', '哆嗦', '咳嗽', '和尚',
'告诉', '告示', '含糊', '吓唬', '后头', '名字', '名堂', '合同', '吆喝', '叫唤', '口袋',
'厚道', '厉害', '千斤', '包袱', '包涵', '匀称', '勤快', '动静', '动弹', '功夫', '力气',
'前头', '刺猬', '刺激', '别扭', '利落', '利索', '利害', '分析', '出息', '凑合', '凉快',
'冷战', '冤枉', '冒失', '养活', '关系', '先生', '兄弟', '便宜', '使唤', '佩服', '作坊',
'体面', '位置', '似的', '伙计', '休息', '什么', '人家', '亲戚', '亲家', '交情', '云彩',
'事情', '买卖', '主意', '丫头', '丧气', '两口', '东西', '东家', '世故', '不由', '下水',
'下巴', '上头', '上司', '丈夫', '丈人', '一辈', '那个', '菩萨', '父亲', '母亲', '咕噜',
'邋遢', '费用', '冤家', '甜头', '介绍', '荒唐', '大人', '泥鳅', '幸福', '熟悉', '计划',
'扑腾', '蜡烛', '姥爷', '照顾', '喉咙', '吉他', '弄堂', '蚂蚱', '凤凰', '拖沓', '寒碜',
'糟蹋', '倒腾', '报复', '逻辑', '盘缠', '喽啰', '牢骚', '咖喱', '扫把', '惦记'
}
self.must_not_neural_tone_words = {
'男子', '女子', '分子', '原子', '量子', '莲子', '石子', '瓜子', '电子', '人人', '虎虎',
'幺幺', '干嘛', '学子', '哈哈', '数数', '袅袅', '局地', '以下', '娃哈哈', '花花草草', '留得',
'耕地', '想想', '熙熙', '攘攘', '卵子', '死死', '冉冉', '恳恳', '佼佼', '吵吵', '打打',
'考考', '整整', '莘莘', '落地', '算子', '家家户户', '青青'
}
self.punc = "、：，；。？！“”‘’':,;.?!"
def _split_word(self, word: str) -> List[str]:
word_list = jieba.cut_for_search(word)
word_list = sorted(word_list, key=lambda i: len(i), reverse=False)
first_subword = word_list[0]
first_begin_idx = word.find(first_subword)
if first_begin_idx == 0:
second_subword = word[len(first_subword):]
new_word_list = [first_subword, second_subword]
else:
second_subword = word[:-len(first_subword)]
new_word_list = [second_subword, first_subword]
return new_word_list
# the meaning of jieba pos tag: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44174352/article/details/113731041
# e.g.
# word: "家里"
# pos: "s"
# finals: ['ia1', 'i3']
def _neural_sandhi(self, word: str, pos: str,
finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
if word in self.must_not_neural_tone_words:
return finals
# reduplication words for n. and v. e.g. 奶奶, 试试, 旺旺
for j, item in enumerate(word):
if j - 1 >= 0 and item == word[j - 1] and pos[0] in {"n", "v", "a"}:
finals[j] = finals[j][:-1] + "5"
ge_idx = word.find("个")
if len(word) >= 1 and word[-1] in "吧呢啊呐噻嘛吖嗨呐哦哒滴哩哟喽啰耶喔诶":
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
elif len(word) >= 1 and word[-1] in "的地得":
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# e.g. 走了, 看着, 去过
elif len(word) == 1 and word in "了着过" and pos in {"ul", "uz", "ug"}:
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "们子" and pos in {"r", "n"}:
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# e.g. 桌上, 地下
elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "上下" and pos in {"s", "l", "f"}:
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# e.g. 上来, 下去
elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "来去" and word[-2] in "上下进出回过起开":
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# 个做量词
elif (ge_idx >= 1 and
(word[ge_idx - 1].isnumeric() or
word[ge_idx - 1] in "几有两半多各整每做是")) or word == '个':
finals[ge_idx] = finals[ge_idx][:-1] + "5"
else:
if word in self.must_neural_tone_words or word[
-2:] in self.must_neural_tone_words:
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
word_list = self._split_word(word)
finals_list = [finals[:len(word_list[0])], finals[len(word_list[0]):]]
for i, word in enumerate(word_list):
# conventional neural in Chinese
if word in self.must_neural_tone_words or word[
-2:] in self.must_neural_tone_words:
finals_list[i][-1] = finals_list[i][-1][:-1] + "5"
finals = sum(finals_list, [])
return finals
def _bu_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
# e.g. 看不懂
if len(word) == 3 and word[1] == "不":
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "5"
else:
for i, char in enumerate(word):
# "不" before tone4 should be bu2, e.g. 不怕
if char == "不" and i + 1 < len(word) and finals[i +
1][-1] == "4":
finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "2"
return finals
def _yi_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
# "一" in number sequences, e.g. 一零零, 二一零
if word.find("一") != -1 and all(
[item.isnumeric() for item in word if item != "一"]):
return finals
# "一" between reduplication words shold be yi5, e.g. 看一看
elif len(word) == 3 and word[1] == "一" and word[0] == word[-1]:
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "5"
# when "一" is ordinal word, it should be yi1
elif word.startswith("第一"):
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "1"
else:
for i, char in enumerate(word):
if char == "一" and i + 1 < len(word):
# "一" before tone4 should be yi2, e.g. 一段
if finals[i + 1][-1] in {'4', '5'}:
finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "2"
# "一" before non-tone4 should be yi4, e.g. 一天
else:
# "一" 后面如果是标点，还读一声
if word[i + 1] not in self.punc:
finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "4"
return finals
def _all_tone_three(self, finals: List[str]) -> bool:
return all(x[-1] == "3" for x in finals)
def _three_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
if len(word) == 2 and self._all_tone_three(finals):
finals[0] = finals[0][:-1] + "2"
elif len(word) == 3:
word_list = self._split_word(word)
if self._all_tone_three(finals):
# disyllabic + monosyllabic, e.g. 蒙古/包
if len(word_list[0]) == 2:
finals[0] = finals[0][:-1] + "2"
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "2"
# monosyllabic + disyllabic, e.g. 纸/老虎
elif len(word_list[0]) == 1:
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "2"
else:
finals_list = [
finals[:len(word_list[0])], finals[len(word_list[0]):]
]
if len(finals_list) == 2:
for i, sub in enumerate(finals_list):
# e.g. 所有/人
if self._all_tone_three(sub) and len(sub) == 2:
finals_list[i][0] = finals_list[i][0][:-1] + "2"
# e.g. 好/喜欢
elif i == 1 and not self._all_tone_three(sub) and finals_list[i][0][-1] == "3" and \
finals_list[0][-1][-1] == "3":
finals_list[0][-1] = finals_list[0][-1][:-1] + "2"
finals = sum(finals_list, [])
# split idiom into two words who's length is 2
elif len(word) == 4:
finals_list = [finals[:2], finals[2:]]
finals = []
for sub in finals_list:
if self._all_tone_three(sub):
sub[0] = sub[0][:-1] + "2"
finals += sub
return finals
# merge "不" and the word behind it
# if don't merge, "不" sometimes appears alone according to jieba, which may occur sandhi error
def _merge_bu(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
last_word = ""
for word, pos in seg:
if last_word == "不":
word = last_word + word
if word != "不":
new_seg.append((word, pos))
last_word = word[:]
if last_word == "不":
new_seg.append((last_word, 'd'))
last_word = ""
return new_seg
# function 1: merge "一" and reduplication words in it's left and right, e.g. "听","一","听" ->"听一听"
# function 2: merge single "一" and the word behind it
# if don't merge, "一" sometimes appears alone according to jieba, which may occur sandhi error
# e.g.
# input seg: [('听', 'v'), ('一', 'm'), ('听', 'v')]
# output seg: [['听一听', 'v']]
def _merge_yi(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
# function 1
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if i - 1 >= 0 and word == "一" and i + 1 < len(seg) and seg[i - 1][
0] == seg[i + 1][0] and seg[i - 1][1] == "v":
if i - 1 < len(new_seg):
new_seg[i -
1][0] = new_seg[i - 1][0] + "一" + new_seg[i - 1][0]
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
new_seg.append([seg[i + 1][0], pos])
else:
if i - 2 >= 0 and seg[i - 1][0] == "一" and seg[i - 2][
0] == word and pos == "v":
continue
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
seg = new_seg
new_seg = []
# function 2
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if new_seg and new_seg[-1][0] == "一":
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + word
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
# the first and the second words are all_tone_three
def _merge_continuous_three_tones(
self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
sub_finals_list = [
lazy_pinyin(
word, neutral_tone_with_five=True, style=Style.FINALS_TONE3)
for (word, pos) in seg
]
assert len(sub_finals_list) == len(seg)
merge_last = [False] * len(seg)
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if i - 1 >= 0 and self._all_tone_three(
sub_finals_list[i - 1]) and self._all_tone_three(
sub_finals_list[i]) and not merge_last[i - 1]:
# if the last word is reduplication, not merge, because reduplication need to be _neural_sandhi
if not self._is_reduplication(seg[i - 1][0]) and len(
seg[i - 1][0]) + len(seg[i][0]) <= 3:
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
merge_last[i] = True
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
def _is_reduplication(self, word: str) -> bool:
return len(word) == 2 and word[0] == word[1]
# the last char of first word and the first char of second word is tone_three
def _merge_continuous_three_tones_2(
self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
sub_finals_list = [
lazy_pinyin(
word, neutral_tone_with_five=True, style=Style.FINALS_TONE3)
for (word, pos) in seg
]
assert len(sub_finals_list) == len(seg)
merge_last = [False] * len(seg)
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if i - 1 >= 0 and sub_finals_list[i - 1][-1][-1] == "3" and sub_finals_list[i][0][-1] == "3" and not \
merge_last[i - 1]:
# if the last word is reduplication, not merge, because reduplication need to be _neural_sandhi
if not self._is_reduplication(seg[i - 1][0]) and len(
seg[i - 1][0]) + len(seg[i][0]) <= 3:
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
merge_last[i] = True
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
def _merge_er(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if i - 1 >= 0 and word == "儿":
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
def _merge_reduplication(
self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if new_seg and word == new_seg[-1][0]:
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
[docs] def pre_merge_for_modify(
self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
"""
seg: [(word, pos), ...]
"""
seg = self._merge_bu(seg)
seg = self._merge_yi(seg)
seg = self._merge_reduplication(seg)
seg = self._merge_continuous_three_tones(seg)
seg = self._merge_continuous_three_tones_2(seg)
seg = self._merge_er(seg)
return seg
[docs] def modified_tone(self, word: str, pos: str,
finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
"""
word: 分词
pos: 词性
finals: 带调韵母, [final1, ..., finaln]
"""
finals = self._bu_sandhi(word, finals)
finals = self._yi_sandhi(word, finals)
finals = self._neural_sandhi(word, pos, finals)
finals = self._three_sandhi(word, finals)
return finals